Which properties are included in the ACID model of database management?

The correct answer, which includes Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, represents the essential properties that ensure reliable processing of database transactions.

Atomicity guarantees that a transaction is treated as a single, indivisible unit, meaning either all operations within the transaction are completed successfully, or none at all. This property prevents partial updates to the database that could lead to data anomalies.

Consistency ensures that the database transitions from one valid state to another valid state as a result of a transaction. It maintains the integrity of the database by enforcing rules and constraints, so that any transaction will leave the database in a consistent state.

Isolation ensures that concurrent transactions do not interfere with each other. Each transaction should operate as if it is the only one in the system, providing a clear separation that prevents transactions from seeing intermediate states of one another.

Durability guarantees that once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the event of a system failure. This means that the results of transactions are permanently recorded in the database.

These four properties collectively contribute to the reliability and integrity of database transactions, making the ACID model a foundational concept in database management systems. Other choices introduce terms unrelated to standard database transaction management principles and thus do not express